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Micro and nanospherical systems for drug delivery are fields of increasing concern in the present pharmaceutical development. The advantages of these devices over the conventional methods include increase in drug entrapment and loading ability, incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, target delivery and use of various route of administration for delivery of the drug, stability, dose reduction and protection from biodegradation, ease of formulating the controlled release system, improved bioavailability etc. The future potential of the system in performing the delivery of the drugs, genes, DNA, RNA, plasmids, oligonucleotides etc to the target site makes the study and investment in these kind of drug delivery even more productive. In the process of development of these systems, polymeric chains arrange to form a matrix inside which the drug may be entrapped, dispersed, dissolved within the microspheres and nanospheres or adsorbed at their surface. Various methods such as solvent evaporation, solvent removal, polymerization, hot-melt encapsulation, coacervation, phase/wet inversion, spray drying and spray congealing, etc. Among these, the solvent evaporation method is one of the most common patented methods and widely studied for the preparation of the nanospherical and microspherical systems. However, it is imperative to understand the various formulation factors that are important while designing the system. One of the most important factors to be considered in the design and development of this system include the size as size affects the interaction with the biological system, entry of the drug and drug release. Other important parameter to be kept in mind are the loading and entrapment efficiency which in turn are related to the productivity of the pharmaceutical system. This review discusses on the various formulation factors that should be kept in mind while designing the robust micro and nanospherical systems with better morphology, entrapment and release of the drugs.
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Micro and nanospherical systems for drug delivery are fields of increasing concern in the present pharmaceutical development. The advantages of these devices over the conventional methods include increase in drug entrapment and loading ability, incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, target delivery and use of various route of administration for delivery of the drug, stability, dose reduction and protection from biodegradation, ease of formulating the controlled release system, improved bioavailability etc. The future potential of the system in performing the delivery of the drugs, genes, DNA, RNA, plasmids, oligonucleotides etc to the target site makes the study and investment in these kind of drug delivery even more productive. In the process of development of these systems, polymeric chains arrange to form a matrix inside which the drug may be entrapped, dispersed, dissolved within the microspheres and nanospheres or adsorbed at their surface. Various methods such as solvent evaporation, solvent removal, polymerization, hot-melt encapsulation, coacervation, phase/wet inversion, spray drying and spray congealing, etc. Among these, the solvent evaporation method is one of the most common patented methods and widely studied for the preparation of the nanospherical and microspherical systems. However, it is imperative to understand the various formulation factors that are important while designing the system. One of the most important factors to be considered in the design and development of this system include the size as size affects the interaction with the biological system, entry of the drug and drug release. Other important parameter to be kept in mind are the loading and entrapment efficiency which in turn are related to the productivity of the pharmaceutical system. This review discusses on the various formulation factors that should be kept in mind while designing the robust micro and nanospherical systems with better morphology, entrapment and release of the drugs.
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