Click here if you want to see my review article in UV detectors.
Friday, November 22, 2013
Thursday, November 21, 2013
Enhancing the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs
Review article: Gunjan Subedi, Kathmandu University
on Enhancing the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs.
Abstract :
Each
drug molecule have own inherent material properties (physical\chemical) such as
solubility which varies from one to another. As more than one third of drug
molecule of US Pharmacopoeia are listed under class of poorly soluble or
insoluble, conversion of such drug candidate ( poor soluble or insoluble)
always makes challenge to formulate and develop dosage form with better
bioavailability where solubility act as key determinant for absorption. A
researcher's ultimate objective is to maximize the solubility characteristics
of such molecule. In order to achieve such objectives we have to modify their
inherent physical as well chemical properties (without altering therapeutic
value) by applying any of the above discussed physical/ chemical/other
techniques based on their material properties. The approaches described here
are of great help in enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drug molecules
shows great promise for development of dosage forms using such APIs.
FUTURE OF PHARMACY
Pharmacy can be defined as a field related to drugs and practices
that involves all the areas related to knowledge building, research, discovery,
rational use, business, treatment and safety of drugs". Its definition
extends right from the time when people feel the need of molecule to treat a
specific disease and lead compounds are researched in the labs to the time when
post marketing surveillance for the feedback of drug is gathered.
I see that the future is going much closer to the targeted drug delivery than the traditional formulations. With the development of the genome science, gene drug delivery systems, nanotechnology, liposomes, etc we are moving in a age where we are concerned for developing a drug that targets only for the area of the body where there is a harm by disease rather than the conventional system where drug gets distributed all over the body through blood circulation.
Where is the future of pharmacy involved in discovery and development going? The full cost of bringing a new drug (i.e. a drug that is a new chemical entity) to market (from discovery through clinical trials to approval) is complex and controversial. 2012 data on a forbes magazine shows the average cost of bringing a new drug to market is $1.3 billion. So rather than investing on the R & D of new molecules companies now prefer optimizing the existing molecules and enhancing the efficiency of the already developed drugs. There is an increase in immense interest in developing new drug delivery systems. When I surfed across various informative journals in internet, I found that for cancer, the 5 year survival rates in 1970 was 49%. And in 2007, the survival rate was 67%. Now, its 74%. Thanks to the nanoformulation targeted drug delivery systems which have still greater potential for many applications, including anti-tumour therapy, gene therapy, AIDS therapy, radiotherapy in the delivery of proteins, antibiotics, virostatics, vaccines and as vesicles to pass the blood-brain barrier. Cardiovascular disease fall almost 30% between 1997 and 2007 in large part due to improved treatment options and Gene mapping technology is spurring the no. of new innovations, technoloies and stratigies to diagnose and treat disease. The introduction of HAART (highly active retroviral therapy) has turned HIV/AIDS from a deadly disease into one with good long-term survival , (the death rate in US has fallen by 83% since 1995.
Where is the future pharma economics and pharma patenting heading ? When I first joined the pharmaceutical industry, some years back, there were many US based companies having the patent rights. In 2011 and 2012 alone about some of the biggest blockbuster drugs in history lost patent protection. Drugs like Lipitor, Plavix and Viagra which earned billions for their sponsors and which are generating $133 billions in US will now be facing great competitors. Pharmaceutical companies are now more interested in Biopharmaceutical innovation. Biopharmaceutical products such as insulin, protein, supplements have generated a comparable revenue as pharmaceutical products in revent years. More patents are being generated for biopharmaceutical products and development of drug delivery patents. Most of these are related to nanotechnology and targeted controlled drug delivery systems.
Where is the future community, hospital and clinical pharmacy heading? With the inclusion of many drugs in the OTC list and law enforced by governmental bodies of most of the countries, Pharmacy will soon become an inevitable profession in most of the hospitals, clinics and community settings. Pharmacists will be the main authoritative bodies in dispensing, councelling and prescribing of many drugs. Pharmacists will have a key role to play in planning and implementation in health research and issues in community level too.
Where are the future Pharma Academia heading? Future Academia will be more focused in research than the taught courses. Large drug research and developing companies feel too risky and lengthy to carry out all the activities on their own now so they are collaborating with different universities for research. Doing so will generate new ideas among the students and helps them to learn and it also minimizes the time, effort and money for the big companies in the discovery of molecules and optimizing the lead compounds and drug delivery system. Research based universities basically in Korea, Australia, Netherlands, U.S.etc. are basically carrying out a huge proportion of research works in collaboration with the pharmaceutical industries.
Pharmacy has a great future and potential to improve the health and income status of many countries. There will soon come a future that through genomic study, the fate of disease and life of a man will be discovered before his birth. There will soon come a future that man gets his disease cured by altering his genomic patterns. However, we must not forget that there are still corners in this world that for a single dose of pill , a patient has to walk on sloppy hills for days. There are still millions of people who die of many preventable simple diseases like diarrhea, dysentery cholera and typhoid. I remember a time when I was volunteering in a free health camp in remote village in Jajarkot, Nepal where I was left empty of Zinc tablets and children were dying before my eyesight.
I genuinely feel- THE FUTURE OF PHARMACY SHOULD BE ORIENTED TOWARDS HUMANE EFFORTS TO MITIGATE THE PAINS OF THE NEEDY. KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY CANNOT MASTER THE PAIN UNLESS IT REACHES THE UNDERPRIVELEDGED ONES.
I see that the future is going much closer to the targeted drug delivery than the traditional formulations. With the development of the genome science, gene drug delivery systems, nanotechnology, liposomes, etc we are moving in a age where we are concerned for developing a drug that targets only for the area of the body where there is a harm by disease rather than the conventional system where drug gets distributed all over the body through blood circulation.
Where is the future of pharmacy involved in discovery and development going? The full cost of bringing a new drug (i.e. a drug that is a new chemical entity) to market (from discovery through clinical trials to approval) is complex and controversial. 2012 data on a forbes magazine shows the average cost of bringing a new drug to market is $1.3 billion. So rather than investing on the R & D of new molecules companies now prefer optimizing the existing molecules and enhancing the efficiency of the already developed drugs. There is an increase in immense interest in developing new drug delivery systems. When I surfed across various informative journals in internet, I found that for cancer, the 5 year survival rates in 1970 was 49%. And in 2007, the survival rate was 67%. Now, its 74%. Thanks to the nanoformulation targeted drug delivery systems which have still greater potential for many applications, including anti-tumour therapy, gene therapy, AIDS therapy, radiotherapy in the delivery of proteins, antibiotics, virostatics, vaccines and as vesicles to pass the blood-brain barrier. Cardiovascular disease fall almost 30% between 1997 and 2007 in large part due to improved treatment options and Gene mapping technology is spurring the no. of new innovations, technoloies and stratigies to diagnose and treat disease. The introduction of HAART (highly active retroviral therapy) has turned HIV/AIDS from a deadly disease into one with good long-term survival , (the death rate in US has fallen by 83% since 1995.
Where is the future pharma economics and pharma patenting heading ? When I first joined the pharmaceutical industry, some years back, there were many US based companies having the patent rights. In 2011 and 2012 alone about some of the biggest blockbuster drugs in history lost patent protection. Drugs like Lipitor, Plavix and Viagra which earned billions for their sponsors and which are generating $133 billions in US will now be facing great competitors. Pharmaceutical companies are now more interested in Biopharmaceutical innovation. Biopharmaceutical products such as insulin, protein, supplements have generated a comparable revenue as pharmaceutical products in revent years. More patents are being generated for biopharmaceutical products and development of drug delivery patents. Most of these are related to nanotechnology and targeted controlled drug delivery systems.
Where is the future community, hospital and clinical pharmacy heading? With the inclusion of many drugs in the OTC list and law enforced by governmental bodies of most of the countries, Pharmacy will soon become an inevitable profession in most of the hospitals, clinics and community settings. Pharmacists will be the main authoritative bodies in dispensing, councelling and prescribing of many drugs. Pharmacists will have a key role to play in planning and implementation in health research and issues in community level too.
Where are the future Pharma Academia heading? Future Academia will be more focused in research than the taught courses. Large drug research and developing companies feel too risky and lengthy to carry out all the activities on their own now so they are collaborating with different universities for research. Doing so will generate new ideas among the students and helps them to learn and it also minimizes the time, effort and money for the big companies in the discovery of molecules and optimizing the lead compounds and drug delivery system. Research based universities basically in Korea, Australia, Netherlands, U.S.etc. are basically carrying out a huge proportion of research works in collaboration with the pharmaceutical industries.
Pharmacy has a great future and potential to improve the health and income status of many countries. There will soon come a future that through genomic study, the fate of disease and life of a man will be discovered before his birth. There will soon come a future that man gets his disease cured by altering his genomic patterns. However, we must not forget that there are still corners in this world that for a single dose of pill , a patient has to walk on sloppy hills for days. There are still millions of people who die of many preventable simple diseases like diarrhea, dysentery cholera and typhoid. I remember a time when I was volunteering in a free health camp in remote village in Jajarkot, Nepal where I was left empty of Zinc tablets and children were dying before my eyesight.
I genuinely feel- THE FUTURE OF PHARMACY SHOULD BE ORIENTED TOWARDS HUMANE EFFORTS TO MITIGATE THE PAINS OF THE NEEDY. KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY CANNOT MASTER THE PAIN UNLESS IT REACHES THE UNDERPRIVELEDGED ONES.
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